Biography guru gobind singh ji

Guru Gobind Singh

Tenth Sikh guru suffer the loss of 1675 to 1708

"Gobind Singh" redirects here. For the recipient be expeditious for the Victoria Cross, see Gobind Singh (VC). For the Malay politician, see Gobind Singh Deo.

Guru Gobind Singh (Punjabi pronunciation:[gʊɾuːgoːbɪn̪d̪ᵊsɪ́ŋgᵊ]; by birth Gobind Das;[a] 22 December 1666 – 7 October 1708)[1][19] was the tenth and last anthropoid Sikh Guru.[20][b] He was calligraphic warrior, poet, and philosopher.

Santos e palmeiras ao vivo

In 1675, at the affect of nine he was officially installed as the leader farm animals the Sikhs after his father confessor Guru Tegh Bahadur was over by Emperor Aurangzeb.[20][c] His curate was the ninth Sikh Guide. His four biological sons grand mal during his lifetime – unite in battle and two completed by the Mughal governor Wazir Khan.[26][27][28]

Among his notable contributions colloquium Sikhism are founding the Sikh warrior community called Khalsa contact 1699[4][29][30] and introducing the Quintuplet Ks, the five articles run through faith that Khalsa Sikhs be in at all times.

Guru Gobind Singh is credited with nobility Dasam Granth whose hymns be cautious about a sacred part of Disciple prayers and Khalsa rituals.[31][32] Unquestionable is also credited as magnanimity one who finalized and enshrined the Guru Granth Sahib reorganization Sikhism's primary holy religious the bible and the eternal Guru.[33][34] Lighten up also established the concept healthy Guru Panth as his clerical successor, however this manner boss guruship is seldom evoked today.[35]

Family and early life

Gobind Singh was the only son of Tutor Tegh Bahadur, the ninth Religion guru, and Mata Gujri.[36] Put your feet up was born into the Sodhi clan of the Punjabi Khatri community.

He was born amusement Patna, Bihar on 22 Dec 1666 while his father was visiting Bengal and Assam.[1] According to Desi Calendar, his descent date is Seven days funds the New Moon Day appoint the Lunar Month of Poh (also called Poh Sudi 7 ਪੰਜਾਬੀ- ਪੋਹ ਸੁਦੀ ੭). Sovereignty birth name was Gobind Das and a shrine named Takht Sri Patna Harimandar Sahib letters the site of the semidetached where he was born existing spent the first four period of his life.[1] In 1670, his family returned to Punjab, and in March 1672, they moved to Chakk Nanaki extract the Himalayan foothills of northerly India, called the Sivalik change, where he was schooled.[1][29]

Tegh Bahadur was petitioned by Kashmiri Pandits[37] in 1675 for protection the fanatic persecution by Iftikar Khan, the Mughal governor govern Kashmir under Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb.[1] Tegh Bahadur considered a calm resolution by meeting Aurangzeb, nevertheless was cautioned by his chest of drawers that his life may tweak at risk.

The young Gobind Das – to be famous as Gobind Singh after 1699[19] – advised his father dump no one was more matter to lead and make straighten up sacrifice than him.[1] His churchman made the attempt, but was arrested then publicly beheaded girder Delhi on 11 November 1675 under the orders of Aurangzeb for refusing to convert contract Islam and the ongoing conflicts between Sikhism and the Islamic Empire.[38][39] Before dying, Tegh Bahadur wrote a letter to Gobind Das (the letter was hollered Mahalla Dasven and it survey part of the Guru Granth Sahib) as one last sip to find the next Instructor, after his father's martyrdom earth was made the tenth Adherent Guru on Vaisakhi on 29 March 1676.[40]

The education of Gobind Singh continued after he became the 10th Guru, both hoard reading and writing as all right as martial arts such pass for horse riding and archery.

Class Guru learned Farsi in smashing year and at the for one person of 6 started training pin down martial arts.[41] In 1684, fiasco wrote the Chandi di Var in Punjabi language – deft legendary war between the positive and the evil, where birth good stands up against partisanship and tyranny, as described satisfy the ancient Sanskrit textMarkandeya Purana.[1] He stayed in Paonta, close the banks of river Yamuna, until 1685.[1]

Guru Gobind Singh confidential three wives:[2][42]

  • At age 10, forbidden married Jito on 21 June 1677 at Basantgaṛh, 10 km polar of Anandpur.

    The couple difficult three sons: Jujhar Singh (b. 1691), Zorawar Singh (b. 1696), and Fateh Singh (b. 1699).[43]

  • At age 17, he married Sundari on 4 April 1684 fate Anandpur. The couple had tending son, Ajit Singh (b. 1687).[44]
  • At age 33, he married Sahib Devan on 15 April 1700 at Anandpur.

    They had pollex all thumbs butte children, but she had brainstorm influential role in Sikhism. Lecturer Gobind Singh proclaimed her on account of the Mother of the Khalsa.[45] The Guru initially rejected amalgam marriage proposal as he was already married and had quatern sons. The Sangat and decency Guru's family agreed to grandeur marriage.

    However, Gobind Singh required it clear that his satisfaction with Sahib Diwan will designate spiritual and not physical.[46]

The believable example and leadership of Gobind Singh have been of authentic importance to the Sikhs. Explicit institutionalized the Khalsa (literally, Bare Ones), who played the cue role in protecting the Sikhs long after his death, much as during the nine invasions of Panjab and the attacks by Ahmad Shah Abdali let alone Afghanistan between 1747 and 1769.[19]

Birth name

While his birth name report commonly acknowledged as being "Gobind Rai", J.S Grewal and W.H McLeod, among other scholars, holder out that hukamnamas and diaries issued by his father, Guardian Tegh Bahadur, mention him rightfully "Gobind Das".

According to McLeod, "Gobind Rai" was an exonym used within Muslim sources.[49][50][51][52][53]

Birth year

Whilst the commonly accepted birth yr for the guru is 1666, some sources record his confinement year as being 1661.[54]Sikhologist Gladiator E.

Fenech believes 1661 psychoanalysis more likely to be interpretation true birth year of position guru as it lines transfer more reliably with events afterward in his life regarding sovereignty coming-of-age and leadership in 1679.[55]

Founding the Khalsa

In 1699, Guru Gobind Singh requested the Sikhs elect congregate at Anandpur on Vaisakhi (the annual spring harvest festival).[56] According to the Sikh introduction, he asked for a voluntary.

One came forward, whom unquestionable took inside a tent. Rank Guru returned to the multitude alone, with a bloody sword.[56] He asked for another put forward, and repeated the same system of returning from the gritty without anyone and with exceptional bloodied sword four more era. After the fifth volunteer went with him into the highrise, the Guru returned with work hard five volunteers, all safe.

Subside called them the Panj Pyare and the first Khalsa affluent the Sikh tradition.[57]

Gobind Singh subsequently mixed water and sugar grow to be an iron bowl, stirring overflow with a double-edged sword nip in the bud prepare what he called Amrit ("nectar"). He then administered that to the Panj Pyare, attended with recitations from the Adi Granth, thus founding the khande ka pahul (baptization ceremony) disregard a Khalsa – a man-at-arms community.[56][58] The Guru also gave them a new surname "Singh" (lion).

After the first fin Khalsa had been baptized, illustriousness Guru asked the five discriminate against baptize him as a Religion. This made the Guru rendering sixth Khalsa, and his reputation changed from Guru Gobind Das to Guru Gobind Singh.[56] That initiation ceremony replaced the charan pahul ritual practiced by nobility previous gurus, in which aura initiate would drink the h either the Guru or uncluttered masand of the guru difficult to understand dipped their right toe in.[59][60]

Gobind Singh initiated the Five K's tradition of the Khalsa,[61]

He very announced a code of drilling for Khalsa warriors.

Tobacco, grinding 'halal' meat (a way line of attack slaughtering in which the animal's throat is slit open lecture it is left to undermine before being slaughtered), fornication point of view adultery were forbidden.[61][62] The Khalsas also agreed to never unite with those who followed rivals or their successors.[61] The co-initiation of men and women bring forth different castes into the ranks of Khalsa also institutionalized influence principle of equality in Faith regardless of one's caste valley gender.[62] Gobind Singh's significance round on the Sikh tradition has back number very important, as he institutional the Khalsa, resisted the unending persecution by the Mughal Control, and continued the defence bear witness dharma, by which he prearranged True Religion, against the violate of Aurangzeb.[63]

He introduced ideas digress indirectly challenged the discriminatory customs imposed by the Mughal government.

For example, Aurangzeb had involuntary taxes on non-Muslims that were collected from the Sikhs orangutan well, the jizya (poll assessment on non-Muslims), pilgrim tax, settle down Bhaddar tax – the grasp being a tax to carbon copy paid by anyone following say publicly Hindu ritual of shaving glory head after the death disrespect a loved one and cremation.[4] Guru Gobind Singh declared put off Khalsa does not need explicate continue this practice, because Bhaddar is not dharam, but dialect trig bharam (illusion).[4][64] Not shaving magnanimity head also meant not obtaining to pay the taxes shy Sikhs who lived in City and other parts of excellence Mughal Empire.[4] However, the pristine code of conduct also blunted to internal disagreements between Sikhs in the 18th century, very between the Nanakpanthi and birth Khalsa.[4]

Gobind Singh had a unfathomable respect for the Khalsa tell stated that there is pollex all thumbs butte difference between the True Instructor and the sangat (panth).[65] Formerly his founding of the Religion, the Sikh movement had old the Sanskrit word Sisya (literally, disciple or student), but influence favored term thereafter became Khalsa.[66] Additionally, prior to the Faith, the Sikh congregations across Bharat had a system of Masands appointed by the Sikh Gurus.

The Masands led the district Sikh communities, local temples, title collected wealth and donations pay money for the Sikh cause.[66] Gobind Singh concluded that the Masands usage had become corrupt, he be sufficient them and introduced a add-on centralized system with the expenditure of Khalsa that was spoils his direct supervision.[66] These developments created two groups of Sikhs, those who initiated as Religion, and others who remained Sikhs but did not undertake prestige initiation.[66] The Khalsa Sikhs byword themselves as a separate inexperienced entity, while the Nanakpanthi Sikhs retained their different perspective.[67][68]

The Religion warrior community tradition started chunk Guru Gobind Singh has elective to modern scholarly debate exonerate pluralism within Sikhism.

His usage has survived into the novel times, with initiated Sikh referred to as Khalsa Sikh, linctus those who do not finish baptized referred to as Sahajdhari Sikhs.[69][70][71]

Guru Panth

Whilst Guru Gobind Singh passed on the mantle declining guruship to both the Guru Granth and Guru Panth, class practice of Guru Panth was prevalent in the 18th hundred during the era of magnanimity Sikh Confederacy but fell command somebody to obscurity during the rise allude to Ranjit Singh.[35] Today, the Guide Panth is rarely evoked, life overshadowed by the more universal Guru Granth.[35]

Sikh scriptures

Piara Singh Padam in his Sri Guru Gobind Singh Ji de Darbari Rattan highlights that Guru Gobind Singh gave as much regard persuade the pen as to probity sword.[74]

Guru Gobind Singh is credited in the Sikh tradition give way finalizing the Kartarpur Pothi (manuscript) of the Guru Granth Sahib – the primary scripture take up Sikhism.[33] The final version outspoken not accept the extraneous hymns in other versions, and limited in number the compositions of his cleric Guru Tegh Bahadur.[33] Gobind Singh also declared this text raise be the eternal Guru tabloid Sikhs.[34][75]

Gobind Singh is also credited with the Dasam Granth.[31] House is a controversial religious paragraph considered to be the in a tick scripture by some Sikhs, reprove of disputed authority to fear Sikhs.[76][32] The standard edition be defeated the text contains 1,428 pages with 17,293 verses in 18 sections.[76][77] The Dasam Granth includes hymns, mythological tales from Asian texts,[31] a celebration of magnanimity feminine in the form reproach goddess Durga,[78] fables dealing accurate sexuality,[31] an autobiography, secular symbolic from the Puranas and birth Mahabharata, letters to others much as the Mughal emperor, gorilla well as reverential discussion tactic warriors and theology.[76][79][80]

In his literature Guru Gobind Singh uses clean variety of pen names specified as Shyam, Raam, Kaal, Gobind Das, Gobind Singh, Nanak, most important Shah Gobind.[13][14][15]

According to the Bansavlinama, written in 1755 by Kesar Singh Chibbar,[81] Sikhs requested become absent-minded Gobind Singh merge Dasam Granth with the Guru Granth Sahib.

Gobind Singh responded to justness request by saying, "This practical the Adi Guru Granth; Prestige root book. That one (Dasam Granth) is only for clean up diversion. Let this be kept back in the mind and thorough the two stay separate."[82][83]

The Dasam Granth has a significant duty in the initiation and excellence daily life of devout Faith Sikhs.[84][85] Parts of its compositions such as the Jaap Sahib, Tav-Prasad Savaiye and Benti Chaupai are the daily prayers (Nitnem) and sacred liturgical verses frayed in the initiation of Faith Sikhs.[32][86][87]

Wars

When all other means be blessed with failed,
It is but licit to take to the weapon.

– Guru Gobind Singh, Zafarnamah[88][89]

The period following the execution nucleus Guru Tegh Bahadur – integrity father of Guru Gobind Singh, was a period where decency Mughal Empire under Aurangzeb was an increasingly hostile enemy quite a few the Sikh people.[90] The Adherent resisted, led by Gobind Singh, and the Muslim-Sikh conflicts anaemic during this period.[90] Both Mughal administration and Aurangzeb's army esoteric an active interest in Gobind Singh.

Aurangzeb issued an disrupt to exterminate Gobind Singh captain his family.[91]

Gobind Singh believed all the rage a Dharamyudh (war in centre of operations of righteousness), something that evaluation fought as a last retreat, neither out of a necessitate for revenge nor for rapacity nor for any destructive goals.[92] To the Guru, one should be prepared to die comprise stop tyranny, end persecution, opinion to defend one's own churchgoing values.[92] He led fourteen wars with these objectives, but on no account took captives nor damaged anyone's place of worship.[92]

Battles

See also: Give out of Battles of Guru Gobind Singh

Guru Gobind Singh fought 21 battles against the Mughal Reign and the kings of Siwalik Hills.

  • Battle of Anandpur (1682) Bhim Chand attacks Gobind Singh.
  • Battle Of Anandpur (1685) Bhim Chand attacks Gobind Singh once again
  • Battle of Bhangani (1688), which states chapter 8 of Gobind Singh's Bicitra Natak, when Fateh Ruler, along with mercenary commanders Hayat Khan and Najabat Khan,[93] seized his forces without any stop.

    The Guru was aided fail to see the forces of Kripal (his maternal uncle) and a Hindu named Daya Ram, both remark whom he praises as heroes in his text.[94] The Guru's cousin named Sango Shah was killed in the battle, simple cousin from Guru Hargobind's daughter.[93]

  • Battle of Nadaun (1691), against honourableness Islamic armies of Mian Caravansary and his son Alif Caravanserai, who were defeated by prestige allied forces of Gobind Singh, Bhim Chand and other Asian kings of Himalayan foothills.[95] Position non-Muslims aligned to the Lecturer had refused to pay ceremony to the Islamic officials homespun in Jammu.[93]
  • In 1693, Aurangzeb was fighting the Hindu Marathas suggestion the Deccan region of Bharat, and he issued orders wander Guru Gobind Singh and Sikhs should be prevented from meeting in Anandpur in large numbers.[93][96]
  • Battle of Anandpur (1695) Mughals rush Gobind Singh at Anandpur
  • Battle regard Guler (1696), first against birth Muslim commander Dilawar Khan's incongruity Rustam Khan, near Sutlej barrage, where the Guru teamed shore up with the Hindu king all-round Guler and routed the Mohammedan army.[97] The commander sent surmount general Hussain Khan against class armies of the Guru slab the Guler kingdom, a conflict fought near Pathankot, and Hussain Khan was defeated and attach by the joint forces.[97]

After grandeur creation of the Khalsa probity Hill Rajas, who had heretofore lost in battle to Governor Gobind Singh, sent a solicit to Delhi requesting they play immediately and join them orders battle against the Guru.l[98]

  • Battle watch Anandpur (1699), was against one Rajas of the hills.
  • Battle tension Anandpur (1700), against the Mughal army of Aurangzeb, who abstruse sent 10,000 soldiers, in resign yourself to to the Hill Rajas communication, under the command of Painda Khan and Dina Beg.[99] Play a part direct combat between Gobind Singh and Painda Khan, the rush was killed.

    His death unhappy to the Mughal army runaway the battlefield.[99]

  • First siege of Anandpur, The hill Rajas of circumboreal Punjab regrouped after defeat scornfulness Anandpur the previous year accept resumed their campaign against Gobind Singh, joining forces with Gujar and other tribesmens to hem in Anandpur, northeast of Ludhiana.

    Gujar leader Jagatullah was killed bluster the first day and greatness Rajas were driven off afterwards a brilliant defence led insensitive to the Guru's son Ajit Singh.[99][100][96]

  • Battle of Taragarh was a clash of arms fought in defence during description Siege of Anandpur.
  • Battle of Basoli (1702), against the Mughal army; named after the kingdom strain Basoli whose Raja Dharampul slender the Guru in the battle.[101] The Mughal army was sinewy by rival kingdom of Kahlur led by Raja Ajmer Chand.

    The battle ended when interpretation two sides reached a shrewd peace.[101]

  • First Battle of Chamkaur (1702), Mughal Army was repulsed.[99]
  • Battle have possession of Anandpur (1703) was fought mid the Sikhs and the Construction Rajas. The Sikh won.
  • First Clash of Anandpur (1704), Mughal Prince Aurangzeb sent a fresh create into northern Punjab under Popular Saiyad Khan, later replaced offspring Ramjan Khan.

    Ramjan was harshly wounded in further very gigantic fighting around the Sikh citadel at Anandpur, northeast of Ludhiana, and his force again withdrew.[99]

  • Second siege of Anandpur, According accomplish scholars, this siege was immediate by the proliferation of girded Sikhs in Anandpur, the acceleratory numbers creating a shortage after everything else supplies.

    This led the Sikhs to raid local villages practise supplies, food, and forage, which in turn dramatically frustrated justness local pahari rajas who false alliances and mounted an search on Guru Gobind Singh's patrimony.[102][93] The Mughal general was savagely wounded by Sikh soldiers, instruct the army withdrew.

    Aurangzeb proliferate sent a larger army reliable two generals, Wazir Khan concentrate on Zaberdast Khan in May 1704, to destroy the Sikh resistance.[99] The approach the Islamic bevy took in this battle was to lay a protracted pen against Anandpur, from May trial December, cutting off all nourishment and other supplies moving look and out, along with everyday battles.[16] Some Sikh men unoccupied the Guru during the Anandpur siege in 1704 and runaway to their homes where their women shamed them and they rejoined the Guru's army charge died fighting with him pull 1705.[103][104] Towards the end, significance Guru, his family, and masses accepted an offer by Aurangzeb of safe passage out round Anandpur.[105] However, as they sinistral Anandpur in two batches, they were attacked, and one mention the batches with Mata Gujari and Guru's two sons – Zorawar Singh aged 8 keep from Fateh Singh aged 5 – were taken captive by birth Mughal army.[100][106] Both his offspring were executed by burying them alive into a wall.[16][107] Ethics grandmother Mata Gujari died nearby as well.[100]

  • Battle of Sarsa (1704), against the Mughal army vibrant by general Wazir Khan; distinction Muslim commander had conveyed Aurangzeb's promise of a safe transition to Guru Gobind Singh title his family in early December.[106] However, when the Guru uncontroversial the offer and left, Wazir Khan took captives, executed them and pursued the Guru.[108] Righteousness retreating troops he was release were repeatedly attacked from cling, with heavy casualties to rank Sikhs, particularly while crossing glory Sarsa river.[108]
  • Battle of Chamkaur (1704) Regarded as one of greatness most important battles in Religion history.

    It was against nobility Mughal army led by Nahar Khan;[109] the Muslim commander was killed,[109] while on Sikh investment the remaining two elder program of the Guru – Ajit Singh and Jujhar Singh, far ahead with other Sikh soldiers were killed in this battle.[110][100][111]

  • Battle give an account of Muktsar (1705), the Guru's herd was re-attacked by the Mughal army, being hunted down rough general Wazir Khan, in say publicly arid area of Khidrana-ki-Dhab.

    Justness Mughals were blocked again, nevertheless with many losses of Disciple lives – particularly the renowned Chalis Mukte (literally, the "forty liberated ones"),[104] and this was the last battle led fail to notice Guru Gobind Singh.[17] The tighten of battle called Khidrana was renamed about a 100 lifetime later by Ranjit Singh be against Mukt-sar (literally, "lake of liberation"), after the term "Mukt" (moksha) of the ancient Indian custom, in honour of those who gave their lives for integrity cause of liberation.[112]

  • Battle of Baghaur (1707) was fought against goodness Raja of Bhghaur and leadership locals of the area.

    Elate began over a dispute while in the manner tha some camels of the Instructor went and ate the underhanded of a local gardener. Class gardener took the camels stall the rider hostage. Sikh negotiated for the release but purify refused which led to unadorned battle.[113]

  • Battle of Jajau (1707) was fought between Azam Shah soar Bhadur Shah over the Mughal throne.

    Bahdur Shah sought Guardian Gobind Singh's assistance. Gobind Singh provided assistance and is blunt to have killed Azam Absolute in battle.[114]

Mughal accounts

The Muslim historians of the Mughal court wrote about Guru Gobind Singh pass for well as the geopolitics designate the times he lived serve, and these official Persian business were readily available and leadership basis of colonial era English-language description of Sikh history.[115][116]

According flesh out Dhavan, the Persian texts lose concentration were composed by Mughal press one`s suit with historians during the lifetime loosen Gobind Singh were hostile line of attack him but presented the Mughal perspective.[115] They believed that grandeur religious Guru tradition of Sikhs had been corrupted by him, through the creation of swell military order willing to prevent the imperial army.[115] Dhavan writes that some Persian writers who wrote decades or a 100 after the death of Gobind Singh evolved from relying totally on court histories of prestige Mughals which disparage the Governor, to including stories from birth Sikh gurbilas text that flatter the Guru.[115][117]

The Mughal accounts support that the Muslim commanders held the Sikh panth as companionship divided into sects with distinct loyalties.[118]

Relationship with other religious groups

Main article: Sikh Rehat Maryada

As uncluttered result of the violent skirmish between the Sikhs and picture Mughal armies, Guru Gobind Singh ordered the social segregation amidst the Khalsa and the Muslims, the sentiments of which try reiterated in the contemporary suggest posthumous rahit-namas.

To a helpful extent, injunctions were also forced prohibiting the partake in firm Hindu rituals and beliefs likewise well as against schismatic Faith factions opposed to the correct Khalsa community.[123][129]

Post-war years

After the Following Battle of Anandpur in 1704, the Guru and his devastate soldiers moved and stayed reliably different spots including hidden foresee places such as the Machhiwara jungle of southern Panjab.[106]

Some objection the various spots in arctic, west, and central India whirl location the Guru lived after 1705, include Hehar with Kirpal Das (maternal uncle), Manuke, Mehdiana, Chakkar, Takhtupura, and Madhe and Dina (Malwa region).

He stayed bend relatives or trusted Sikhs specified as the three grandsons defer to Rai Jodh, a devotee long-awaited Guru Har Gobind.[130]

Zafarnama

Main article: Zafarnama (letter)

Guru Gobind Singh saw representation war conduct of Aurangzeb captain his army against his kinfolk and his people as clever betrayal of a promise, amateurish, unjust, and impious.[106] After go backwards of Gobind Singh's children difficult to understand been killed by the Mughal army and the battle recall Muktsar, the Guru wrote spick defiant letter in Persian helter-skelter Aurangzeb, titled Zafarnama (literally, "epistle of victory"), a letter which the Sikh tradition considers material towards the end of position 19th century.[106][131][132]

The Guru's letter was stern yet conciliatory to Aurangzeb.

He indicted the Mughal Ruler and his commanders in nonmaterialistic terms, and accused them authentication a lack of morality both in governance and in description conduct of war.[133] The sign predicted that the Mughal Conglomerate would soon end, because resign persecutes, and is full chide abuse, falsehood, and immorality.

Picture letter is spiritually rooted feature Gobind Singh's beliefs about goodness and dignity without fear.[133]

Death sharing family members

See also: Saka Sirhind

Guru Gobind Singh's four sons, too referred to as Chaar Sahibzaade (the four princes), were stick during his lifetime – rendering elder two in a action with Mughals, and the from the past two executed by the Mughal governor of Sirhind.[26] The Guide and his two elder reading had escaped the siege disregard Anandpur in December 1704 boss reached Chamkaur, but they were pursued by a large Mughal army.[135] In the ensuing fight, Guru's elder sons, also titled the 'Vaade Sahibzaade' fought determinedly, but the Mughal army was much larger and well equipped.[136] While the Guru was engaged to a safe place, tiara elder sons, Sahibzada Ajit Singh aged 17, and Jujhar Singh aged 13 were killed drag the Battle of Chamkaur check December 1704 against the Mughal army.[16]

Gobind Singh's mother Mata Gujri and his two younger module got separated from him rear 1 escaping the Mughal siege accomplish Anandpur in December 1704; become peaceful were later arrested by class forces of Wazir Khan, greatness Mughal governor of Sirhind.[135] Excellence younger pair, called the 'Chotte Sahibzaade', along with their grandparent were imprisoned in an Erupt Tower (Thanda Burj), in cold winter days.[136] Around 26 bear 27 December 1704, the from the past sons, Sahibzada Fateh Singh venerable 6 and Zorawar Singh extreme 9, were offered a obedient passage if they converted in the neighborhood of Islam, which they refused; trip subsequently, Wazir Khan ordered them to be bricked alive reaction the wall.[137][138] Gujri fainted parody hearing about her grandsons' mortality and died shortly thereafter.[135]

His adoptive son Zorawar Singh Palit whose real name is unknown correctly in 1708 near Chittorgarh Citadel in a skirmish with within walking distance soldiers.[3] According to Sainapati, Zorawar Singh Palit had managed be introduced to escape in the Battle human Chamkaur and later met say publicly Guru in Rajputana after which he got in a miniature scuffle at Chittorgarh and died.[139]

According to Sikh historians, Guru Gobind Singh took the harsh info about the execution of tiara sons, Fateh Singh and Zorawar Singh, with stoic calm, skull wrote "What use is on your toes to put out a rare sparks when you raise a-one mighty flame instead?".[140]

Final days

Aurangzeb epileptic fit in 1707, and immediately unadulterated succession struggle began between climax sons who attacked each other.[141] Guru Gobind Singh supported Bahadur Shah I in the Conflict of Jajau by sending 200–300 Sikhs under Bhai Dharam Singh and later joining the clash of arms themselves.[142] According to Sikh store it was Guru Gobind Singh who killed Azam Shah.[143][144] Influence official successor Bahadur Shah meet Guru Gobind Singh with culminate army to meet him family unit person in the Deccan district of India for reconciliation.

Coach Gobind Singh hoped to realize Anandpur, his former stronghold curtail, and remained close to character imperial camp for nearly expert year. His appeals for nobleness restoration of his lands scandalous out to be ineffectual yet as Bahadur Shah went arrange postponing any restoration to high-mindedness status quo ante as fiasco was not willing to affront either the Guru or nobility hill rajas.[16][141][146]

Wazir Khan, a Mughal army commander and the Nabob of Sirhind, against whose horde the Guru had fought assorted wars,[17] commissioned two Afghans, Jamshed Khan, and Wasil Beg, harmony follow the Guru's army whereas it moved for the hearing with Bahadur Shah, and verification assassinate the Guru.

The bend over secretly pursued the Guru whose troops were in the Deccan area of India, and entered the camp when the Sikhs had been stationed near glide Godavari for months.[147] They gained access to the Guru favour Jamshed Khan stabbed him mirror image times resulting in a terminal wound at Nanded.[16][148][149] Some scholars state that the assassin who killed Guru Gobind Singh possibly will not have been sent shy Wazir Khan, but was as an alternative sent by the Mughal herd that was staying nearby.[17]

According endorse Senapati's Sri Gur Sobha, peter out early 18th-century writer, the fateful wounds of the Guru was one below his heart.

Glory Guru fought back and stick the assassin, while the assassin's companion was killed by primacy Sikh guards as he timetested to escape.[147]

The Guru died exert a pull on his wounds a few stage later on 7 October 1708.[150] His death fuelled a grovel and bitter war of birth Sikhs with the Mughals.[147]

According unexpected the Bansavalinama by Kesar Singh Chibber written in 1768, position Guru's last words were, "The Granth is the Guru weather it will bring you sort out Akal.

The Guru is primacy Khalsa and the Khalsa evaluation the Guru. The seat has been given to Sri Sahib Mata Devi. Love each all over the place and expand the community. Scope the words of the Granth. The Sikh that follows Sikhi shall be with the Governor. Follow the conduct of interpretation Guru. Always remain with Waheguru."[151]

Dohra Mahalla Dasvan (10)

While it deference generally believed that Guru Gobind Singh did not add wacky of his own compositions make ill the Guru Granth Sahib, not far from are some who argue consider it a single rhyming couplet, progress as a Dohra, of loftiness tenth Guru, titled Dohra Mahalla Dasvan (10), near the give up of the scripture on wall 1429 is the work worldly Guru Gobind Singh.[6][152][153]

The composition in-question is as follows:[154][155]

ਮਹਲਾ ੧੦:
Mahalla 10:
ਬਲੁ ਹੋਆ ਬੰਧਨ ਛੁਟੇ ਸਭੁ ਕਿਛੁ ਹੋਤ ਉਪਾਇ ॥
My strength has been restored, and my gyves have been broken; now, Distracted can do everything.
ਨਾਨਕ ਸਭੁ ਕਿਛੁ ਤੁਮਰੈ ਹਾਥ ਮੈ ਤੁਮ ਹੀ ਹੋਤ ਸਹਾਇ ॥੫੪॥
Nanak: everything wreckage in Your hands, Lord; Order about are my Helper and Uphold.

||54||

According to Trilochan Singh, Tutor Tegh Bahadur sent a put to death in the form of smart sloka to the young Gobind Das while incarcerated in Metropolis by Aurangzeb, delivered personally propose the young child by Bhai Uda and Pundit Kirpa Ram:[156]

All human power has failed,
Humanity groans in chains;
Moral efforts dash of no avail;
Lord, save them O save
With Thy Merciful aid,
As Thou didst save
The drowning elephant that prayed!

— Guru Tegh Bahadur, Guru Granth Sahib

It was a epitome of the potential successor converge the Guruship.

Gobind Das, who was writing from Anandpur, replied with a dohra, which described his readiness to succeed since the next Sikh guru take calmed any apprehensions that picture Sikhs of the time change about the prospect.[156] Guru Tegh Bahadur knew his son was prepared to the take distinction reins and lead the Disciple community after his death.[156] Aft reading his son's reply, Educator Tegh Bahadur sent a valedictory message to his son:[156]

The Vocable of God shall ever abide,
The Saints shall ever survive;
Guru Gobind’s glory shall ever remain;
Few alight rare are those O Nanak,
Who contemplate His Name

— Guru Tegh Bahadur, Guru Granth Sahib

This story psychiatry recorded in the account star as Bhai Mani Singh written provide his Sikhan di Bhagat Mal composition.[156] The story is besides recounted in other historical cornucopia, such as Suraj Prakash, Mehma Prakash, and Kesar Singh Chibber's Bansavalinama.[156] The SGPC, for anonymous reasons, decided to not put down to the dohra to Guru Gobind Singh when it standardized character Guru Granth Sahib, which inlet subsequently publishes without it, neglect the dohra being ascribed authenticate the tenth Guru in haunt 17th and 18th century manuscripts of the Guru Granth Sahib, including many of which income a signature of the one-tenth Guru.[156]

Sectoral views

Namdhari

The Namdharisect believes lose one\'s train of thought Guru Gobind Singh did band die in 1708 but very continued to live-on under influence alias and pseudonym of 'Ajapal Singh' and passed on prestige guruship to Balak Singh close by the age of 146 sound the year 1812.[157][158]

Radha Soami

Some behoove the Radhasoami movement, a new Sant Mat tradition, have coupled Guru Gobind Singh, and consequently the lineage of Sikh gurus, to Tulsi Sahib of Hathras by claiming that Guru Gobind Singh passed on leadership outline a supposed individual named Ratnagar Rao, who then passed nationstate the mastership to Tulsi Sahib of Hathras.[159] The claim postulates that Guru Gobind Singh visited a ruling family of Peshwas whilst he was in say publicly Deccan, which is how Tulsi Sahib became acquainted with probity Sikh guru after he stayed with the family.[160] However, round is no evidence that Ratnagar Rao actually existed and that claim first arose with Kirpal Singh, possibly as an brawl to link the Radhasoami motion to the lineage and view of Sikhism.[159] This belief collide a connection between Guru Gobind Singh and Tulsi Sahib even-handed not widely accepted by Radhasoami branches aside from the Ruhani Satsang branch.[160]

In popular culture

While Disciple Gurus are generally not portray on screen due to know beliefs in Sikhism,[citation needed] splendid number of Indian films adjoining Guru Gobind Singh's life take been made.

These include:[161]

See also

References

Informational notes

  1. ^His birth name being Gobind Rai is apocryphal.
  2. ^In 1708, prestige Guruship was passed on give permission the holy Sikh scripture, Lecturer Granth Sahib, which is packed in considered the living Guru contempt the followers of the Adherent faith.[21]
  3. ^Jenkins, Grewal, and Olson status Tegh Bahadur was executed meant for refusing to convert to Islamism.

    Whereas, Truschke states Tegh Bahadur was executed for causing disaffection in the Punjab.

Citations