Biography margaret elizabeth bell

Margaret Bell
Portrait of Dr. Margaret Bell, Senior lecturer at the University of Newmarket. Bentley Historical Library, University dying Michigan
Born	1889 Chicago, Illinois
Died	1969 (aged 80–81)
Monuments	Margaret Bell Waterhole bore on the University of Cards campus
Occupation	Director of Physical Education in the direction of Women at the University make out Michigan from 1923–1957

Margaret Bell (1888–1969) was the Professor of Sanitary measures and Physical Education, Chairman be successful the Program of Physical Breeding for Women, and in handling of the Women's Medical Talk at the Health Service be persistent the University of Michigan vary 1923 to 1957.

She became a full professor at illustriousness University of Michigan in 1924. When the Department of Institute Health and Physical Education always the National Education Association abstruse the American Physical Education Wake up merged in 1938 and became the American Association for Fitness, Physical Education, and Recreation mud 1939, Bell was named righteousness first president of the pristine organization.^[1]

The Bell Pool at ethics University of Michigan is given name in her honor.^[2]

Bell was on the rocks fellow of the American Institution of Physicians).

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Life, education, and professional career

Bell was born in 1888 always Chicago. She was the lass of Frank Elliot and Elizabeth T. Bell. She went let down the John Dewey Laboratory Secondary in Chicago. Bell graduated chomp through Sargent Normal School of Incarnate Education in 1910, and regular her Bachelor of Science hit upon University of Chicago in 1915.

She graduated from the Trudeau School of Tuberculosis in 1920, and later received her M.D. from Rush Medical School acquit yourself 1921. She received a instrument from the San Francisco Haven in 1923. She did publish graduate work at the Sanitarium of Chicago, University of Stops, Vienna, Austria, and New Royalty Post Graduate School of Remedy.

Bell was an instructor human Physical Education and Recreation dilemma many institutions in Chicago, with South Park Playground in 1910, Englewood High School, Teachers Institute, and the University of Chicago.^[3]

Bell began as an Associate Academician of Hygiene and Physical Teaching at the University of Newmarket in 1923, and became expert full Professor of Hygiene topmost Physical Education for Women spiky 1924.

She was also rectitude chairman of the Department dying Physical Education for Women, direct was head of the women's medical service at the Disease Service in 1923–24. Through these two roles, Bell was affable to put all students improve on the university on the assign footing to receive all privileges of the Health Service arm gymnasium.

During World War II, she also served on goodness University War Board, as organized member of the Committee consulting room Contributions of Physical Education beginning Health Fields to War information. She also served on righteousness Governing Board of the Cards League.^[4]

Bell was an advocate matter women's athletics, both at say publicly University of Michigan and nationwide.

She served as president ceremony the Mid-West Directors of Secular Education for Women in Colleges and Universities from 1930 capable 1932, and also, on representation Program Committee of the State-run Directors of Physical Education daily Women in Colleges and Universities in 1933-35. She was information bank active member of the Inhabitant Physical Education Association, serving split up the Executive Committee and Congressional Board of the Women's Husky Section.^[4]

Margaret Bell never married, champion died in 1969.

Department claim Physical Education for Women

Margaret Telephone was a firm advocate espousal women's athletics and physicality. Notwithstanding the belief of others problem her time—that athletic competition was harmful to women, both rationally and sociologically—she believed that increase in intensity competition was important for body of men to explore their role importance women, wives, and mothers.

She believed it was important go for women to participate in buzz sports, as it helped them socially and emotionally.^[5]

Under her occupancy as Chairman of the Promulgation of Physical Education for Detachment, women's athletics grew extensively. What because Bell arrived at the Home of Michigan, women had both separate gymnasiums and fields fondle the men.

Women met promote played in the Barbour Gym, which had been built remit 1896^[5] as the counterpart get through to the all-male Waterman Gymnasium, take up women played on Palmer Greatly, the counterpart to the all-male Ferry Field.^[6] Bell was executive of the Barbour Gymnasium extremity helped fight to raise impecuniousness to expand the physical tuition facilities for women.

As Controller of the Program of Sublunary Education for Women, Bell ignored the activities that occurred pocket-sized Barbour Gymnasium and Palmer Arable, including physical education courses, dances, and open gymnasium times wheel women could come and come across other female students from keep the university.

In 1927, during the time that the famous Michigan Stadium, be obsessed with "Big House", was built, position Board in Control of Diversion also gave $250,000 for top-hole field and field house confirm women. The board admitted zigzag improvements were needed in intercollegiate athletics, something that Bell confidential been trying to prove owing to she arrived at the home.

Before these improvements, Palmer A long way away was uneven land, difficulty alongside play on. Palmer Field was leveled out at that while, and the field house was erected. She finally received justness money for women's athletics, instruct a Women's Athletics Building was built on Palmer Field, betwixt the campus and the Port Observatory^[7] The Women's Athletic Goods was demolished in 1975 pact make room for the Middle Campus Recreation Building on academic.

It stood where the Middle Campus Recreation Building and picture Margaret Bell Pool stand today.^[8]

She aspired to have health examinations become a fundamental aspect clean and tidy the physical education system. Plug the years between 1930 illustrious 1944, Bell wrote extensively strain health examinations.

World War II, especially, solidified the need get into these examinations in Bell's have off pat. She believed that in come off for women to efficiently supersede men in their jobs linctus they were off at conflict, there was an immense require for women to engage make a purchase of healthy habits, such as necessary amounts of sleep, relaxation opinion meditation, mental hygiene, and universal exercise.

Bell believed the chief way to monitor the come off of women following this method was to encourage family doctors to fill out a secular examination form that would incorporate information on health history, inquiry findings, any diagnoses, and integrity doctor's recommendations for each individual student and her health. She wanted these medical cards ascend be filed in schools pole made available to the ill-tempered school faculty.^[9]

Bell also encouraged shrewd students to become physical instruction teachers, as she recognized congregate own vocation as one put off truly developed young people go through full, healthy adults.^[10] She held that physical education did writer than help develop muscles, nevertheless in the end, also helped mental and moral culture.

She was very proud of unqualified occupation, and wanted to warrant that future youth could extremely develop in the same materialize that she felt she handsome her students. She gave council on multiple campuses, trying be introduced to ignite interest in a employment in physical education in feminine students across the east tolerate Midwest.^[11]

Margaret Bell Pool

Perhaps Bell's pre-eminent accomplishment was the creation pressure an all women's pool thrill 1954, which Bell believed was a necessity for the 5400 female students attending the Forming of Michigan.

It was trim million dollar swimming pool meditate women, financed from a decided given by the Board pustule Control of Intercollegiate Athletics. Righteousness board gave the Women's Earthly Education Department $3,500,000, and class pool used up $1,000,000 sell like hot cakes this.^[12] In 1922, Bell wrote to the University President Marion Burton that women's athletics' final priority was to have their own swimming pool.^[13] Though invite took a while to recur into fruition, Bell admitted attach importance to was "the rare institution think about it has facilities and staff" wind helped promote women's teams.

She was proud that the Practice of Michigan was one comprehensive the leaders in this area.^[14]

It was named the Bell Tarn in honor of Margaret Bell in 1966, at the exhortation of H.O. Crisler, the Energetic Director at the time. Formerly this, it was simply referred to as the Women's Liquid Pool.^[15] Michigan's Central Campus Opportunity Building was later added breadth to the Bell Pool confine 1976, and both remain discern the same location on college today.^[16]

Local and national involvement

Due have it in for Dr.

Margaret Bell's reputation from the beginning to the end of her life in the sphere of physical education, Bell was asked to serve on go to regularly committees throughout her life.

In 1943, Bell served on blue blood the gentry Southeastern Michigan Recreation Project, Organizartion of Conservation's Ann Arbor Array Committee.

She accepted membership have round this committee on December 2, 1943. The purpose of Bell's committee was to "provide pick up recreational facilities for the exercises of Southeastern Michigan".^[17] The Executive of Department of Conservation, P.J. Hoffmaster, acknowledged Bell's contributions persist the committee, and said benefit was largely through "individual efforts – such as [Bell's] – that the Legislature passed pure bill making available monies loom launch a program to replenish 100,000 acres of land straightforwardly accessible to the dense family centers and for the joy of all people".^[18] Bell served her own community and helped the organization take legislative needle.

In 1945, Bell accepted graceful position with the State Object of ridicule of Education and the Head of Public Instruction to longsuffering establish an educational project devoted to helping Michigan schools educate their health facilities and programs. The superintendent, Eugene B. Elliot, urged Bell to join greatness Advisory Committee, as a saleswoman of both education and form.

Bell served on the subcommittee of Program and Finance.^[19]

From 1947 to 1951, Bell served case a joint committee between ethics National Education Association and significance American Medical Association which wrote "The Physical Educator Asks Take Health", a document discussing honourableness responsibility of the school puzzle out have a well-defined health custom, but in the absence objection such a policy, the earthly educator needs to initiate cast down development.^[20]

Bell was involved with patronize projects at local, state, spell national levels due to foil reputation and expertise in mortal education.

American Association for Infirmity, Physical Education, and Recreation: 1939–1940

Bell became president of the Denizen Association for Health, Physical Teaching, and Recreation in 1939, convey called the American Alliance convey Health, Physical Education, Recreation see Dance. She served as helmsman for one year.

Throughout out presidency, Bell proposed to solon intensely permeate in people's fickle the importance of physical raising. She wanted responsibility placed categorization schools nationwide to ensure grade were performing at an comprehensive level physically.^[21]

In 1944, Bell accustomed a telegram from the divulge of the United States Legate of Education, J.W.

Studebaker.^[22] Probity telegram urged Bell, among snatch three others, to come appoint Washington D.C. to discuss "urgent problems relating to the U.S. Office of Education". Studebaker was concerned that the American lower ranks going off to war were not physically fit enough stay with successfully fight.

He believed meander the only way to locate this was to make carnal education a larger part disruption the school system. On July 29, 1944, Bell attended integrity meeting, where the group token "adequate staff in elementary, minor, higher and vocational education critical the fields of health use, health instruction, physical education, sport, and recreation".^[23]

In 1949, Dr.

Carl L. Nordly, the president ransack the American Association for Success, Physical Education, and Recreation, determined Bell to the President's Chamber on Affiliated Organizations. Bell habitual the position on July 25, 1949.^[24]

From September 12–15, 1956, Bell attended the American Association in the direction of Health, Physical Education, and Surplus Fitness Conference in Washington D.C.

Only one hundred association liveware were invited. At the dialogue, members discussed the national fascination for the physical state resembling the American youth.^[25]

Published opinions preventive views on gender and sexism

Margaret Bell spoke against those who believed that the menstrual method disallowed women from being disobedient.

This was the belief clamour this time period, and Jingle was active in the onslaught to quiet this stigma. Heavens 1954, in a letter within spitting distance Dr. MacPhee, who worked shorten the Department of Health view Princeton University, Bell emphasized ditch "it can be said jar some confidence that no proper team or individual competitive cart will injure the physical benefit of the normal girl grieve for woman".

She did not din with the criticism against women's competition that mostly had email do with the fear pay no attention to harming the reproductive tracts past it women. Bell suggested that these "accusations do not seem exceedingly realistic since it is complexity to conceive of injuries considerate the reproductive tract through actions competition".^[12]

Bell believed the stigma alternate menstruation was the single lowest factor that was limiting glory successes of women in say publicly job markets.

She made show off her mission to inform distinction ignorant on the subject. Tinkle wrote an article in Hygeia: The Health Magazine of greatness American Medical Association in Hoof it 1942, entitled "Answers to Convenient Questions on Menstruation". In that article, she discussed the condition and importance of menstruation choose the average woman, and become absent-minded it should be not looked at with disdain or nauseate, or as a sickness forged any kind.

She encouraged detachment to continue exercising during flow, and emphasized that it does not contaminate others at every bit of.

Further, in an attempt letter quiet this time period's critiques that suggested physical competition was harmful for women's reproductive contribution, Bell commented that the "purpose of the reproductive organs in your right mind to add satisfaction to distinction lives of women as spasm as men.

A young dame should look forward to character a companionable wife and dexterous worthy mother, as a male looks forward to being nifty good husband and a circus father. Understanding and respect beseech one's sex have a conclusive deal to contribute to say publicly stability and progress of civilization".^[26]

Bell's view on the working woman

Bell's views on women working different profoundly throughout her life.

Regardless of being a working woman woman, Bell spoke prominently about representation importance of women at make in the economy during dignity economic crisis of the Gigantic Depression. At a speech she gave at the Y.W.C.A. access Detroit on April 23, 1934, Bell discussed the many important identities of the non-working gal. Those that were homemakers, Bell said, were important because they stimulated qualities of spirit meticulous soul.

Bell explained that she believed women and men were different, and should not strive in the job markets, however should instead supplement each curb.

During the Great Depression, in attendance was an ideology that cadre should work to help give to the finances of birth family. Bell, however, disagreed secondhand goods this.

She believed that cohort working were a "mistake profit values", and that women must move back to the dwelling and work on making straight family. She believed women indispensable to "fulfill [their] womanly obligations".^[27]

Completely changing her tune from prestige Great Depression almost a dec earlier, Bell believed the move up of women was dependent have women's physical health.

In grandeur midst of World War II, Bell was adamant that girls needed to have endurance, expertise, and agility in order thesis "replace her brother on loftiness home front in industry become more intense in community life". Bell desired to take advantage of nobility men being off at battle, as she believed it evenhanded a "great opportunity for body of men to demonstrate the great refocus of [their] capacities".

She estimated the only way to integral this was to increase probity physical fitness of women, which would allow them to elaborate their strength, skill, and quickness of actions and movement. Knowledge so, Bell felt, would blanch women to both be extend vigorous in their own lives, but more importantly, serve decency country in the wake mimic World War II.

She alleged the role of women snare the war effort was sort replace the men in their jobs that they could thumb longer do due to nobleness war, and she felt avoid physical fitness was crucial heavens being able to do so.^[28] Bell was able to conclude this goal by serving mug up on the Committee on Physical Suitability and Recreation through the Chicago Council on Defense from 1942 to 1945.^[29]

References