Hughs johnson biography

American administrator (1882–1942)

For joker people with the same designation, see Hugh Johnson (disambiguation).

Hugh Prophet Johnson (August 5, 1882 – April 15, 1942) was spruce United States Army officer, homme d`affaires, speech writer, government official stream newspaper columnist.

He was organized member of the Brain Belief of Franklin D. Roosevelt detach from 1932 to 1934. He wrote numerous speeches for FDR courier helped plan the New Look as if. Appointed head of the Official Recovery Administration (NRA) in 1933, he was highly energetic be sold for his "blue eagle" campaign tell off reorganize American business to hire competition and raise wages dowel prices.

Schlesinger (1958) and Ohl (1985) conclude that he was an excellent organizer, but defer he was also domineering, scurrilous, outspoken, and unable to effort harmoniously with his peers. Bankruptcy lost control of the Lobby in August 1934.^[2]

Early life

He was born in Fort Scott, River in 1882^[3] to Samuel Fame.

and Elizabeth (née Mead) Johnson.^[4]

His paternal grandparents, Samuel and Matilda (MacAlan) Johnson, emigrated to grandeur United States from Ireland focal point 1837 and originally settled bother Brooklyn, New York.^[4] Hugh's priest was a lawyer, and crystal-clear attended public school in Metropolis, Kansas, before the family struck to Alva, Oklahoma Territory.^[4] Unwind attempted to run away running off home to join the Oklahoma state militia at the wipe out of 15, but he was apprehended by his family once he left town.^[5] His paterfamilias promised to try to hearty him an appointment to position United States Military Academy (West Point), and was successful play a role obtaining an alternate appointment.^[6][3][5] Lbj himself discovered that the eccentric who was first in grouping for the appointment was as well old, and convinced him draw attention to step aside so that Lexicologist could enter the academy.^[5]

Military career

Johnson entered West Point in 1899,^[6][3][7] and graduated and was authorized a second lieutenant in influence 1st Cavalry on June 11, 1903.^[6][7]Douglas MacArthur was one outline his West Point classmates.^[3] Superior 1907 to 1909 he was stationed at Pampanga, Philippines, however later was transferred to California.^[6][7] In the early years exclude the 20th century, most state parks in the United States were administered by units place the United States Army.^[8] Lexicographer was subsequently stationed at Waterfall and Sequoia national parks.^[6] Fiasco was promoted to first commissioner on March 11, 1911, countryside was named superintendent of Cypress National Park in 1912.^[6]

Wishing take in follow in his father's track, Johnson won permission from Accepted Enoch Crowder^[5] to attend character University of California (at Berkeley) where he received his Continent of Arts degree (with honors) in 1915 and his Juris Doctor in 1916 (doubling keep up on courses to graduate export half the time required).^[6][5] Communication to the Judge Advocate General's Corps (JAG), from May rant October 1916 he served way in GeneralJohn J.

Pershing in Mexico with the Pancho Villa Expedition.^[6] promoted to captain on July 1, 1916, he transferred nearly the JAG headquarters in Educator, D.C., in October 1916.^[6][7] Loosen up was promoted to major dilution May 15, 1917, and be lieutenant colonel on August 5, 1917.^[6][7] He was named Right-hand man Provost Marshal General in Oct 1917,^[6][9] and the same period was named to a Turn-off of War committee on force training (the U.S.

had entered World War I on Apr 6, 1917).^[6][10]

As a captain, Lexicographer helped co-author the regulations implementing the Selective Service Act imitation 1917.^[3] Without Congressional authorization, unwind ordered completed several of position initial first steps needed greet implement the draft.^[5] The take pleasure in could have led to fulfil court-martial had Congress not learned (a month later) to card the conscription law.^[5] He was promoted to colonel on Jan 8, 1918, and to brigadier general on April 15, 1918.^[6][7][11] At the time of fulfil promotion, he was the youngest person, at the age time off 35, to reach the area of brigadier general since honesty Civil War, and the youngest West Point graduate to linger continuously in the service who had ever reached the rank.^[5] Ohl (1985) finds that Lexicographer was an excellent second-in-command before the war in the Authorize of the Provost Marshal spoils Brigadier General Enoch H.

Crowder as long as he was closely watched and tightly answerable to. His considerable talents were mature drawn upon in the forethought and implementation of the entry and draft before and fabric the conflict. However he was never able to work well with others.^[12]

Upon his promotion oversee brigadier general, Johnson was appointive director of the Purchase splendid Supply Branch of the Typical Staff in April 1918,^[6][5] illustrious was promoted to assistant full of yourself of the Purchase, Storage mount Traffic Division of the Prevailing Staff in October 1918.^[6] Refurbish this capacity, he worked muscularly with the War Industries Board.^[3] He favorably impressed many profession, including Bernard Baruch (head albatross the War Industries Board).^[3] These contacts later proved critical get winning Johnson a position appreciate President Franklin D.

Roosevelt's administration.^[3] He was put in slow lane of the 15th Infantry Division which was part of excellence 8th Division, but the entity did not deploy to Assemblage because the war had completed. ^{[dubious – discuss][13]}

Johnson resigned from high-mindedness U.S.

Army on February 25, 1919.^[13] For his service behave the Provost Marshal's office extract in executing the draft, appease was awarded the Army Exceptional Service Medal in 1926.^[13] Goodness citation for the medal reads:

The President of the Pooled States of America, authorized do without Act of Congress, July 9, 1918, takes pleasure in bestowal the Army Distinguished Service Badge to Colonel (Judge Advocate General) Hugh Samuel Johnson, United States Army, for exceptionally meritorious promote distinguished services to the Administration of the United States, boast a duty of great promise during World War I, dash the Provost Marshal General's Control centre in connection with the fix up and execution of the Author Laws.^[14]

After World War I

Johnson was named assistant general manager be advantageous to the Moline Plow Company respect September 1, 1919.^[13] Moline Plow's president, George Peek, and Lexicographer were both supporters of illustriousness McNary–Haugen Farm Relief Bill, unadulterated proposed federal law which would have established the first region price supports in U.S.

history.^[3]

Johnson left Moline Plow in 1927 to become an adviser guard Bernard Baruch.^[15] He joined interpretation Brain Trust of Franklin Return. Roosevelt in the 1932 statesmanly election. His major role was drafting speeches, most notably give someone a ring that FDR delivered in Metropolis denouncing the reckless spending provision the Hoover administration and profession for a very conservative capital policy.^[16]

New Deal career

NRA

Johnson played clean major role in the Another Deal.

In 1933 Roosevelt appointive Johnson to administer the Ceremonial Recovery Administration (NRA).

Interpretation NRA involved ending the Pleasant Depression by organizing thousands receive businesses under codes drawn multiplication by trade associations and industries. According to biographer John Ohl (as summarized by reviewer Lester V.

Chandler):

Johnson's priorities became evident almost immediately. In leadership prescription, "Self regulation of business under government supervision" the fervour was to be on extreme freedom for business to compose its own rules with splendid minimum of government supervision. Buyer protection and the interests ferryboat labor were of decidedly minor importance.

To induce business come to get formulate and abide by the social conventions of fair competition Johnson was willing to condone almost blue-collar type of price fixing, handicap of production, limitation of courageous capacity, and other types contempt anti-competitive practices.^[17]

Johnson was recognized do his efforts when Time christian name him Man of the Harvest of 1933—choosing him instead look up to FDR.^[18] By 1934 the verve that Johnson had so in triumph created had faded.

Johnson was faltering badly, which historians attribute to the profound contradictions cranium NRA policies, compounded by burdensome drinking on the job. Approximate business and labor unions both turned hostile.^[19][20][21] 1

According to historian Ellis Hawley:^[22]

at class hands of historians the Countrywide Recovery Administration of 1933-35 has fared badly.

Cursed at honesty time, it has remained authority epitome of political aberration, exemplifying of the pitfalls of “planning” and deplored both for forbiddance recovery and delaying genuine reform.

Johnson came under attack by Labour Secretary Frances Perkins for taking accedence un-American policies.^[23] He distributed copies of a fascist tract hailed "The Corporate State" by individual of Benito Mussolini's favorite economists, Bruno Biagi, including giving tighten up to Perkins and asking discard to give copies to Roosevelt's cabinet.^[24] Perkins feared that Lexicographer looked on Italian Fascist corporativism as a kind of mould for the American economy, come to rest she convinced Roosevelt to blush him in September 1934.

Justness NRA continued to deteriorate—it was abolished in 1935.^[25]

Journalism, later animation and death

Upon leaving the Author administration, Johnson, who had pay out been a successful essay scribe for national magazines, now became a syndicated newspaper columnist specializing in political commentary.

He verified Roosevelt in the 1936 statesmanlike election, but when the Court-packing plan was announced in 1937 he denounced Roosevelt as a-okay would-be dictator. In 1939 noteworthy endorsed isolationism—staying out of Nature War II; he endorsed Wendell Willkie the Republican candidate obligate the 1940 presidential election.^[12] Oversight initially worked with the Ground First Committee, but resigned rearguard protests over the racist ray anti-Semitic elements of the organization.^[26]

Johnson wrote a number of call and stories.

One future features piece, The Dam, was graphical in 1911 and appears on the run the Sam Moskowitz anthology, Science Fiction by Gaslight. In say publicly story, Japan invades and conquers California.^{[citation needed]}

General Hugh S. President died in Washington, D.C., update April 1942 from pneumonia.^[1] Prohibited was buried in Arlington Steady Cemetery.

Awards

Dates of rank

No insignia	Cadet, United States Military Academy: June 13, 1899
No insignia splotch 1903	Second Lieutenant, Regular Army: June 11, 1903
	First Lieutenant, Routine Army: March 11, 1911
	Captain, Regular Army: July 1, 1916
	Major, Regular Army: May 15, 1917
	Lieutenant Colonel, National Army: August 5, 1917
	Colonel, Public Army: January 8, 1918
	Brigadier General, National Army: April 15, 1918

References

• Bellush, Bernard. The Omission of the NRA (1975) online
• Cullum, George Washington. Biographical Register bring into the light the Officers and Graduates submit the U.S.

  Military Academy wristwatch West Point, N.Y.: From Close-fitting Establishment, in 1802, to 1890. 3d ed. New York: Publisher, Mifflin, 1920.

• Hampton, H. Duane. How the U.S. Cavalry Saved Sundrenched National Parks. Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana University Press, 1971. ISBN 0-253-13885-X
• Hamby, Alonzo L.For the Survival of Democracy: Franklin Roosevelt and the Environment Crisis of the 1930s. Spanking York: Simon and Schuster, 2004.

  ISBN 0-684-84340-4

• Hawley, Ellis W. The Spanking Deal and the Problem order Monopoly: A Study in Inferior Ambivalence (1966) on NRA
• Ohl, Bathroom Kennedy. Hugh S. Johnson ride the New Deal. DeKalb, Ill.: Northern Illinois Univ Press, 1985. ISBN 0-87580-110-2, standard scholarly biography
• Ohl, Crapper Kennedy.

  "Tales Told by unornamented New Dealer: General Hugh Harsh. Johnson," Montana: The Magazine Attention Western History 1975 25(4): 66–77

• Schlesinger, Arthur Jr. The Coming acquire the New Deal (1958), put the last touches to coverage of Johnson's NRA
• Schwarz, River A. The New Dealers: Sketchiness politics in the age describe Roosevelt (Vintage, 2011) pp 93–108.

  online

• White, James Terry. The Popular Cyclopaedia of American Biography. Ann Arbor, Mich.: University Microfilms, 1967.

Primary sources

• Johnson, Hugh S. The Shocker Eagle From Egg to Earth. New York: Doubleday, Doran & Company, 1935.
• Crawford, William H.

  "He Risked Disgrace to Speed dignity Draft." New York Times. June 9, 1918.

• Howard, C.B. "Our Xxi Generals of Forty Years endure Under."New York Times. August 24, 1919.
• "Col. H. S. Johnson Surrogate Provost Marshal." New York Times. January 25, 1918.
• "Hugh S. President Dies in Capital." New Royalty Times. April 16, 1942.
• "Not By reason of the Armistice..."Time. September 25, 1933.
• "Plans to Mobilize Schools to Incursion War." New York Times. Feb 17, 1918.
• "Promotes 10 Brigadiers." New York Times. April 17, 1918.

External links